I love Sleepy Hollow. You should too. We’ve provided ample reasons why already. I love basically everything it’s doing. That being said, I come today bearing warning, not praise! Sleepy Hollow is well-written, it has interesting things to say, but it will lead you astray if you let it. Like that great series of movies which I believe inspired this masterpiece of a show, National Treasure and National Treasure 2: Book of Secrets, Sleepy Hollow overflows with a burning love of history that is almost entirely lacking in factual accuracy. So, in the name of greater enlightenment, I have compiled a list of things you shouldn’t learn from Sleepy Hollow.
1) The fate of the world was at stake in the Revolutionary War
Sleepy Hollow’s stakes are huge. End of the world huge, the apocalypse is coming and we need to be ready for the Horsemen huge, we are being stalked by a powerful demon who can turn the very forces of huge. Abbie Mills and Ichabod Crane are fighting a battle that’s been raging for centuries, a conflict that has warped history by dictating the course of the Revolutionary War, an exciting and important geopolitical conflict. Ichabod Crane was constantly being sent on missions of utmost occult importance by his good friend General George Washington, a connection that is both adorable and critical to the construction of most of the episodes’ plots.
It makes perfect sense for an American show to care this much about the Revolutionary War. It’s our war! We won it and that’s how we got to be a nation, hurrah! In terms of its geopolitical impact, however, the Revolutionary War pales in comparison to the Seven Years War, which preceded it, and the Napoleonic Wars that came after. In fact, the largest military action in the Revolutionary War didn’t even happen in the New World. 1779’s Great Siege of Gibraltar, in which the Spanish and French tried to capture the heavily defended Gibraltar, involved a staggering 70,000 troops. Basically, Sleepy Hollow would have you believe that the important point of contention in the war was the specific, local resources afforded by the colonies, whether those resources are tobacco or fonts of demonic power, and that’s misleading at best.
2) The war was fought over a 2% tax on tea.
Ichabod Crane struggles with adapting to many things in the modern world. His first shower was a terrifying experience, his first light switch a mystifying one, and he’s yet to meet a motorized vehicle that he can enter or escape from without the help of Abbie (or, on one occasion, Yolanda.) Our era has given him some sweeter surprises as well! Much loving fanart has been dedicated to Ichabod’s instant delight upon eating a doughnut hole. Before he could achieve that bliss, though, Crane had to overcome his outrage at discovering New York State sales tax. A 10% tax on baked goods? Impossible! Tyrannical! He reaffirms his revolutionary spirit immediately, reminding Abbie that her nation was founded as a result of a tax of merely 2%. That tax rate is understandably shocking to Crane, given his background. Setting aside any pro- or anti-tax sentiments any humans may or may not feel, however, I have a question. Where is that number coming from, exactly?
Britain imposed a number of different taxes on its colonies leading up to the war. The first, and perhaps the most germane to our delicious doughy treat, was the Sugar Act of April 5, 1764. How much did it raise tax rates on sugar? Actually, it cut a previous tax of 6 pence per gallon of molasses in half, in exchange for greatly strengthening the ability of local forces to collect the previous uncollectable levy. This is a flat amount tax, rather than anything that could be construed as a percentage of the cost of a purchase. The Stamp Act of 1764, in contrast, did scale based on what was being bought, but it would be hard to describe it as a 2% tax either. It was more of a collection of different fees. Both of these acts were repealed in 1766.
The Townshend Acts were far more proximal to the revolution, being the first set of acts that levied a tax on goods that the colonies had to import. So, was it a 2% tax? I’m afraid my best answer is “maybe.” The writers of that bill got deep into the nitty-gritty of what they would charge on which items, and it’s frankly bewildering to behold.
What we can take away from all this: tax was a driving cause of the Revolutionary War, but it probably wasn’t a 2% tax. Also, tax codes have always been weird, and now I have a headache. Moving right along…
3) The Boston Tea Party was a cover-up!
Okay, so let me get this straight, Sleepy Hollow. Tax is super important and bad, and Crane will hate it forever. But also, the Boston Tea Party, as we so festively call it, was just a big cover-up so Crane could go steal a magic sextant projector doohickey. Apparently you can have it both ways!
4) Everybody loved burning witches in New England
Katrina faked her death by burning. Saralda of Abaddon was actually burnt at the stake. Crane leads Abbie to catacombs filled with hundreds more skeletons of crispy-fried witchbones. Since the woman who is arguably Ichabod Crane’s most important emotional connection (but it sure is an ongoing argument, guys) is a self-professed witch, and since America has an uncomfortably problematic historical habit of executing “witches” wholesale, you can expect witch burning to be a recurring theme on Sleepy Hollow.
In a world where witchcraft is a real thing, rather than a superstition or ongoing collective psychosis, I can see persecution of witches being expanded and prolonged. However, the real world has two points of divergence from Sleepy Hollow re: witches. First, witches were never burnt in the British Colonies. All victims of the Salem witch trials were either executed by hanging or pressing. Second, and perhaps more importantly, there were zero recorded convictions of witchcraft in the colonies after Salem, a full 80 years before the days of Ichatrina. But that’s not the last outmoded practice Sleepy Hollow employed.
5) This child from Roanoke is speaking Middle English
The fact that Ichabod Crane speaks fluent Middle English is entirely seductive, and I will never throw shade at anyone who conspires to reveal that speech to us. It’s also completely justifiable for him to speak the language of Chaucer, as a polyglot polymath professor of Merton College. The people of Roanoke have no such justification.
The Lost Colony of Roanoke was established in 1585, and Lost some time after that. Hundreds of years later, a popular but confusing documentary about it surfaced, but that’s beside the point. What matters is that in 1585 no one spoke Middle English. No one had spoken anything that could be classified as Middle English in decades. England was solidly ensconced in the Early Modern period, the period of Shakespeare, the bard who began writing plays in somewhat antiquated but still recognizably modern English just a few years later. I invite you to compare a few lines from Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida (c. 1602) and from Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde (c. mid 1380s). There’s kind of a difference:
In Troy, there lies the scene. From isles of Greece
The princes orgulous, their high blood chafed,
Have to the port of Athens sent their ships,
Fraught with the ministers and instruments
Of cruel war: sixty and nine, that wore
Their crownets regal, from the Athenian bay
Put forth toward Phrygia; and their vow is made
To ransack Troy, within whose strong immures
The ravish’d Helen, Menelaus’ queen,
With wanton Paris sleeps; and that’s the quarrel.Troilus and Cressida, Act I, Prologue, Lines 1-10
The double sorwe of Troilus to tellen,
That was the king Priamus sone of Troye,
In lovinge, how his aventures fellen
Fro wo to wele, and after out of Ioye,
My purpos is, er that I parte fro ye.
Thesiphone, thou help me for tendyte
Thise woful vers, that wepen as I wryte!Troilus and Cirseyde, Book I, Lines 1-7
6) No one knows what happened to Roanoke…
I mean, we don’t know for sure, but there are a lot of pretty good theories on that subject these days. Plague is, actually, one of the culprits. And it’s cool how they ended up getting magically transported up to upstate New York in order to teach Abbie a lesson in faith and all that. But, uh… Why would Ichabod believe that they actually hiked up there? It’s 600 miles from Roanoke Island to Sleepy Hollow, along a route that required access to a bunch of bridges that totally didn’t exist back then, and those guys were perilously unwell.
Anyway, the “mystery” of Roanoke has a leading explanation right now. There’s some evidence that the colonists interbred with local indigenous peoples and abandoned their terrible little colony. I can’t fault Crane for not knowing that, since his intel is hundreds of years out of date, but I can urge you not to repeat his mistakes.
7) Almost anything about the Kanien’kehá:ka (Mohawk) people
My tagline for this was going to be that there’s no way scorpions could possibly be a traditional component of any rituals performed by this group of people originally native to New York, but then I started researching scorpions and realized that they can live almost anywhere. They probably still aren’t very common along the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, but my ability to determine that fact for certain has taken a backseat to gibbering terror.
Episode Three, “For the Triumph of Evil,” made what I think was a valiant attempt to expand the series’ diversity-minded efforts to Native Americans, and Michael Teh’s performance as Seamus Duncan was very good and self-aware, but in almost every application of fact the episode falls short. The depiction of the ritual is extremely unlikely, even if you put aside the evil death scorpions, because jasmine and cherry root, two of the three ingredients in the dream-inducing tea, are old world imports. Ro’kenhronteyes is totally made up—unlike Moloch or the Headless Horseman. The most glaring misinformation, though, is that Crane had an extensive acquaintance with Mohawk trackers and spies who assisted him in his Revolutionary Warrior capacity. Sorry, show, the Mohawks fought alongside the British in both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.
From these various unfacts and misinformations, I think it’s safe to say that Sleepy Hollow is a delightful but completely unreliable source of historical information. It is perhaps a better guide to the fact that history exists than to any particular piece of knowledge. There is great value to be had in guiding people towards the knowledge that there is history out there, somewhere, and I trust Sleepy Hollow to do so.
Carl Engle-Laird is covered in scorpions. He wishes he were not covered in scorpions. He is also an editorial assistant, Way of Kings re-reader, and Stormlight Archive correspondent for Tor.com. You can follow him on Twitter here.
Roanoke is super cool but I mean, how mysterious can it BE when you carve the name of the tribe who takes you in to let the people who come later figure it out?
It’s easiest just to think of Sleepy Hollow as occupying an alternate history. After all, in real history, Ichabod Crane was a skinny coward in a story by Washington Irving.
@1: The problem is that, starting in the 19th century, Americans began writing the native peoples out of colonial history, glossing over the key roles they played and replacing the earlier depiction of them as noble and admirable neighbors with a myth of them as scattered savages who were little more than an obstacle to be overcome in conquering an empty, unclaimed wilderness. So the idea of a failed European colony needing to turn to a more prosperous native community for help, let alone choosing to be adopted and assimilated into it, was irreconcilable with that interpretation, and so what’s really obvious to an informed observer became unimaginable within the context of that set of beliefs. Hence the “mystery.”
And the fact remains that maybe 1% of the show’s watchers will read this post. Less than 50% of the shows watchers are aware enough of history to realize how wrong the “history” of the show is.
I can hope, but many people have taken their history lessons from T.V. shows. Even after being proven wrong time and again.
At least Grimm gets most of its German words right.
@2:Yep, it’s totally an alternate history/universe in which all these things happened and are real.
2. ChristopherLBennett
Yeah; in all seriousness I was happy to see the show Sleepy Hollow acknowledge that native people exist!
I started suspecting their historical facts when they said the Headless Horseman was in the British army.
According to the exhibit on the Cutty Sark (Greenwich, UK), “tea was very expensive in 18th century Britain…in 1784, the tax on tea was slashed from 119% to 12 1/2%, making it affordable to just about everyone.”
When I read that, I went, “One hundred nineteen percent tax?! That would make me rebel, too!” Now it’s not clear from the structure of the statement whether this was interior to Britain or applicable to the colonies as well — but it suggests that the tax they were protesting was far above 2%.
@6: They’ve since clarified that the Horseman was a Hessian mercenary fighting for the British, which is consistent with Washington Irving’s portrayal of the character. The Hessians, sayeth the Wiki, “were 18th-century German auxiliaries contracted for service under The Crown of the British Empire.”
I’m starting to think that these errors are “deliberate” (obviously they have to know they are errors, I mean that they are conciously incorporating these errors) on the writers’ part. After all, Washington Irving is the same author who wrote a multi-volume work about Christopher Columbus that was probably designed to be more of a a patriotic American mythology than it was a serious historical work. (The notion that Columbus was sailing to prove the world is round is largely Irving’s fault, for example).
I’m curious to see whether this approach is purely a meta-textual nod to Irving, or if it’s part of the overall narrative as ChristopherLBennett suggests.
Not to mention the enormous amount of tea smuggling that was going on previous to the various duties via the various acts, during the acts, and after repeal. Not to mention the enormous amount of (illegal) Dutch tea present in the colonies. This was equally true in Britain herself, and Europe, the smuggling and the illegal trade in Dutch tea — though, obvs, in Europe the Dutch tea trade wasn’t illegal, and anyway, Europe tended to prefer coffee. Hello, San Domingue ….
There were several reasons we seceded from Britain, in Virginia and South Carolina the fear of abolition among them, as well as the determination of the King to meddle in governance and the idiocy of some of his ministers and parliamentarians. In Boston, duties on tea, as symbolic of many other issues of trade and repression, was their reason. One employs symbolic deliberately: Even as long ago as 1964, scholars of the Tea Party such as Benjamin Woods Labarre, concluded:
To be fair to Chaucer, you should update his spelling, as Shakespeare is here updated. The first folio has the Prologue like this, with words such as immures spelled emures, along with lyes, Iles, Orgillous, letter u in place of v and lotf and lotf of long effef.
Shakespeare is still the easier, but it’s less of a slam dunk.
@11 True, but as we see in “John Doe,” that still leaves out all the spoken nuance. Middle English and Modern English are separated by a vowel shift, and sound even more different than the non-standardized spellings imply.
Not mentioned, but kind of a big deal, Sleepy Hollow was known as North Tarrytown until 1996, and was part of Tarrytown itself until the 19th century. Also, its population is around 10,000 people, not the 144,000 listed in the picture. Westchester County is home to around 1M people, so there are plenty of people around, just not in that town.
Also, Mark Twain had a house there, the views of the Hudson are great.
As ignorant as Americans are about history, even bad history that isn’t totally revisionist is better than nothing.
One error that bothers me is Ichabod in the British army. A Oxford Don wouldn’t be an enlisted or even a drafted common soldier, and the officers bought their commissions which a scholar probably couldn’t afford.
@13: I read that the producers chose to make their fictional Sleepy Hollow larger than the real one so that they could tell the kind of stories you can tell in a moderate-sized city as opposed to a small town.
As for the various historical or cultural errors, I choose to treat them like the physics errors in Doctor Who — or in a Warner Bros. cartoon. There are some stories that are not even remotely trying to be plausible, so one can just turn off one’s critical faculties and enjoy the silliness.
As for point 5, it’s important to remember that Shakespeare and his fellow playwrights were actively engaged in reshaping the English languafe. Also @12 that vowel shift was ongoing even in Shakespeare’s time. Check this guy out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPlpphT7n9s
@13 – I figured the 144,000 is a reference to Revelations, like much of the show. And I get that they want to indicate a certain size. It is likely only something you’d notice if you actually knew the area, but then if you knew the area you’d expect a very urban/suburban feel, so I guess it is a bit of an irrelevant point.
I will note that town is the place Washington Irving wrote about, regardless of what it is called.
Kind of miffed that you dismiss witchcraft as mere superstition or mass psychosis, when it is, in fact, an element of a noble, lovely and legitimate system of faith. But then I kind of think Christianity is a psychosis, so I guess I have no room to talk.
@17 & 13 – Yes, it’s pretty clear the 144,000 number refers to Revelations, i.e. it is the total number of good people whose souls are supposed to be saved and enter Heaven. Lots gets made of this number in Medieval and Renaissance Christian mysticism, so let’s hope Sleepy Hollow will step up to bat and do exciting things with it too.
I enjoy the show, but in addition to some of the problems already mentioned, I had issues with some of the language used by Crane in the first episode. He said that he had “defected” from the British side, a term that was not in use until the Cold War. Someone from Crane’s era might have said “I turned my coat” (thus the word “turncoat”), but he didn’t “defect.” Crane also talk about his wounded body being brought in for triage — a term that was not in use until the late 19th Century. I don’t know what they called the process of sorting wounded for medical treatment in the Revolutionary War era, but it wasn “triage.”
@20: I’m sure that if Crane were speaking authentic 1780s American English (or, well, Oxford English colored by years spent in the States), most of the viewing audience would have no clue what he was talking about most of the time. He’d probably have a very different-sounding accent as well.
I love the show and never really considered anything, but the entertainment value. I just recently read The Legend Sleepy Hollow and if you want to quibble over details that’s where you should start. When you consider the TV Ichabod is absolutly nothing like the Washington Irving Ichabod.
Spot on! Then there’s the claim that DNA evidence proves ‘scientifically’ that Jefferson fathered six children on Sally Hemmings. Nope. Witches were burned – nope, not in the colonies. Pressed, hung or drowned, but not burned. Then there’s the smaller matters of Ichabod’s beard (nope) the shirt (Ties? Odd color instead of white? Nope)
I was thrilled when they got the ‘the regulars are coming’ and ‘we were all British’. So why is it so had to get the details that matter right?
I noticed other inaccuracies. The one that constantly eats away at me is the constant misuse of the word apocalypse. It’s a type of writing- It’s like saying “The coming haiku”
Not to mention how purgatory is used.
My dad grew up in a small farming town and his grandparents and great-grandparents spoke a version of Middle English separate from their rural Maryland accent. The Middle English is actually quite believable to me because of that.
Late to the party but binged on the first season over a week or two and am now caught up. Enjoying it a lot. A couple of nitpicks here and there, of course, and I really like the alternate history idea vs pretending that it’s set in ‘the real world’ and will run with that (will also keep me from bristling every time somebody throws the word ‘witch’ around :)