In this bi-weekly series reviewing classic science fiction and fantasy books, Alan Brown looks at the front lines and frontiers of the field; books about soldiers and spacers, scientists and engineers, explorers and adventurers. Stories full of what Shakespeare used to refer to as “alarums and excursions”: battles, chases, clashes, and the stuff of excitement.
One thing I look for in summer reading is a story that keeps me turning pages, and there is nothing like the sense of jeopardy you find in military science fiction to keep the reader engaged. One of the better examples of this genre appearing in the 1990s was the General series, co-written by David Drake and S. M. Stirling. The books, loosely inspired by the adventures of the Roman general Belisarius, featured Raj Whitehall, an officer who develops a telepathic link with an ancient battle computer, and fights to restore space-faring civilization to a far-away world whose society has collapsed. The books were filled with action and adventure, and featured evocative descriptions, interesting characters and a compelling setting.
There are five books in the original General series set on the planet Bellevue and featuring Raj Whitehall. Written by David Drake and S. M. Stirling between 1991 and 1995, they include The Forge, The Hammer, The Anvil, The Steel, and The Sword. The series continued with additional books set on other planets, where the battle computer and an electronic version of Raj Whitehall continued promoting the cause of civilization. These books included The Chosen, written by Drake and Stirling in 1996, and set on the planet Visigar. Two additional books, The Reformer and The Tyrant, were set on the planet Hafardine. The first was written by Stirling and Drake 1999, while the second was written by Eric Flint and Drake in 2002. The series then visited the planet Duisberg with two books written by Tony Daniel and Drake in 2013 and 2014, The Heretic and The Savior.
About the Authors
David Drake (born 1945) is an author of both science fiction and fantasy. His Hammer’s Slammers series of military adventure stories remains popular to this day, and it would not be an exaggeration to say that he a founding figure in the modern subgenre of military science fiction. I’ve discussed his work in this column before, reviewing The Forlorn Hope here.
S.M. Stirling (born 1953) is a prolific writer of science fiction, and especially alternate history. Early in his career, he did a lot of co-writing with authors such as Jerry Pournelle and David Drake. He is known for his Emberverse/Change series, beginning with the book Island in the Sea of Time, which I reviewed here.
Jim Baen and Military Science Fiction
Editor and publisher Jim Baen (1943-2006) had a profound impact on the field of science fiction, and his editorial vision helped shape the subgenre we call military science fiction. He was editor of Galaxy Science Fiction magazine during its final years, and edited science fiction for Tom Doherty at Ace Books. He bought the first Hammer’s Slammers stories from David Drake for Galaxy, and under his direction, Ace published them in a collection. Baen followed Doherty to the newly formed Tor Books. There, Baen convinced Jerry Pournelle to edit (with John F. Carr) the military science fiction anthology series with the bellicose name of There Will Be War. Baen had very distinctive ideas about what kind of works he wanted to publish, and in 1983, in what was reportedly an amicable parting, left Tor to found his own imprint, Baen Books. Baen Books, from the very start, was known as a home for science fiction and fantasy that focused on adventure, and especially for military science fiction.
Buy the Book
In the Watchful City
Hammer’s Slammers became a long-running series of books, and Baen published many other books by David Drake. The military fiction of Jerry Pournelle also migrated to Baen Books over the years. Baen launched the careers of several military science fiction writers, such as David Weber, whose Honor Harrington series grew beyond its roots as a futuristic Horatio Hornblower pastiche into an epic of massive proportions. Lois Bujold McMaster also got her start with Baen Books (although her Vorkosigan series grew beyond its military adventure roots to become something quite a bit more wide-ranging). Other writers who’ve written for Baen include Eric Flint, Mercedes Lackey, and Elizabeth Moon.
Baen did have one problem on his hands. Two of his most in-demand authors could only produce so much. Drake was a very deliberate writer, and Pournelle famously suffered from periodic writer’s block. The readers clamored for more stories, but there was simply not enough Drake and Pournelle to go around. Both authors were convinced to become involved in anthologies that would bear their names. These included both collections of original fiction and shared world projects like Pournelle’s War World books. And both began partnering with co-authors, who could work from outlines and ideas created by the senior authors in the collaboration. One of these was S. M. Stirling, who with Pournelle wrote two books in his Empire of Man series: Go Tell the Spartans and Prince of Sparta. With Drake, Stirling wrote seven of the books in the General series.
Baen also ended up being a pioneer in the field of electronic books, very quickly turning a profit in this new format for written works. Baen’s influence on the field of genre publishing, and especially in turning military science fiction into a distinct subgenre, cannot be ignored. The online Encyclopedia of Science Fiction has a good article on the theme of Military SF, which you can find here.
The Forge
The book opens with Raj Whitehall and a friend exploring underground ruins, and finding a still-operable computer. The device, Sector Command and Control Unit AZ12-b14-c000 Mk. XIV., is an artificial intelligence that needs a human avatar to achieve its mission: to bring civilization back to the world of Bellevue, and restore the entire star-spanning human civilization to its former glory. The machine determines Raj’s friend would be a risk to stability, and puts him into suspended animation. And the fact that a potential political rival disappears without a trace gives Raj a ruthless reputation right from the start. The computer has some limitations, as its sensor network has been destroyed, and thus it only has old information, and what is known and experienced by Raj, to draw on. But it still possesses a remarkable ability to show Raj realistic images of the potential impacts of different courses of action.
Raj practices a religion whose rituals resemble those of the Catholic Church, but which has put computers in the place of a deity (and which amusingly uses programming terms as part of its rituals). He is rocked to his core by the idea of being chosen by such a being. While Raj does not admit it to anyone, as the story progresses, he begins to take on the aspect of someone who has been chosen by God and communes with higher powers, much as Joan of Arc was seen in her time. We follow Raj as he evolves from a rather capable junior officer, who gains positive attention by volunteering to lead a special mission, to an indispensable leader of his nation’s military efforts.
The Civil Government that Raj serves is deeply corrupt. The leader, Governor Barholm, is anything but admirable, and his chief advisor, Tzetzas, is greed and evil incarnate. This corruption has hollowed out the armed forces, and were it not for the battle computer’s intervention, they might have soon fallen to the formidable adversaries that surround them. The worldbuilding in the story is excellent, with the various nations and political entities vaguely resembling those of the present day. The Civil Government’s chief adversaries in this book are the Colony, a Muslim nation, whose military leader Tewfik has few rivals as a strategist and tactician. The people of the Civil Government speak Sponglish, and their society has some resemblance to current-day Mexico. The region Raj comes from, Descott, is described in a way that evokes the American West of the 19th century.
The military tactics of the Civil Government are dominated by dog-mounted cavalry, and these units are considered the only appropriate place for the nobility. Infantry units are generally poorly trained militias. The military weaponry on the planet is at a level akin what was available during the American Civil War. Muzzle-loading rifles are slowly being replaced by breechloaders, and revolvers are just coming into use. Artillery is becoming a more formidable arm of the military due to the increasing capabilities of their weapons. This is one of the aspects I enjoyed about the book, as too often science fiction books that feature archaic warfare focus on medieval weapons and tactics, ignoring other eras of history.
The characters in the book are interesting and engaging. Raj is a strong, clever, and capable protagonist, although his humanity is somewhat compromised by the computer that inhabits his head. His senior leaders and staff become known as the Companions, and are a diverse group. Raj’s right-hand man is Gerrin Staenbridge, who was, for books of this era, somewhat notable for being gay. While I had encountered gay characters in military science fiction before, this was the first time I remember where a character’s sexual orientation was not portrayed in a negative manner or as a sign of villainy. The infantry commander, a post normally avoided by the nobility, is Jorg Menyez, cursed to this lowly military branch by being allergic to dogs. Muzzaf Kerpatik is a civilian, an Arab who previously worked for the evil councilor Tzetzas, but becomes Raj’s logistics coordinator. Barton Foley is introduced into the story as Staenbridge’s lover/protégé, but soon becomes a capable soldier and leader in his own right. In a disciplinary action early in the book, Raj encounters Antin M’lewis, a villainous character who becomes very useful where spying or assassination are required.
Like many military adventures of the last century, this story is very male-oriented—what youngsters today refer to as a “sausage fest.” The only two female characters with any meaningful roles are Raj’s wife Suzette and her best friend, the Governor’s consort. And while she has plenty of agency, Suzette is not a very admirable character. Having climbed her way up the social ladder from a noble but poor family, she will do anything, including seducing, lying, stealing, and even murdering, to support her husband’s rise to power.
One of my favorite parts of the book was the use of huge dogs, bred to the size of horses, as cavalry mounts. The authors did a good job of imagining the differences between dogs and horses in this role. After all, while they are strong, smart, and intimidating, horses are herbivores, who left to themselves are generally peaceful creatures. Dogs, on the other hand, have carnivorous preferences, and are the descendants of animals that hunt in packs. A dog weighing the better part of a ton would be a dangerous creature indeed. And dogs have a very different bond with their humans than do horses. The authors also had some fun with the idea of different units riding different breeds of dogs, with the elite units preferring purebred dogs, while others find mixed-breed mounts superior. As a dog owner, it made me smile to look at the chair next to me and imagine my own little Stella being the ancestor of mighty war beasts.
I’ll not focus too much on the specifics of the plot, as not knowing what will happen as the military campaigns unfold is a big part of the fun. There are small unit encounters, set-piece battles, sacking of cities, narrow escapes, and plenty of action throughout. The battle computer makes it clear to Raj that avatars can be replaced, and it will let him bear the consequences of his mistakes if he ignores its advice, which takes away an air of invincibility that might otherwise have spoiled some of the suspense.
My only complaint with the book is that cruelty, sadism, and brutality are often accepted without question. While Raj punishes soldiers who rape and pillage within their own borders, such behavior in enemy lands is seen as a natural part of warfare. At one point, Raj muses that, “Men trained to kill, and proud enough to advance into fire rather than admit fear, were never easy to control.” If it were not for the nobility of the overarching mission of restoring civilization, the means used by Raj and his Companions could easily make them the villains in a book written from another perspective. That being said, if you are looking for fast-paced military action in a setting that feels real and lived-in, this book has a lot to offer.
Final Thoughts
The Forge is an impressive debut for a series that holds up well over its entire length. Setting up a new world, and still keeping the action flowing, is a difficult task which the book executes very well. Drake and Stirling have done a fine job imagining a compelling setting, characters, and situations. The original five books were re-released in 2003 in two omnibus editions, Warlord and Conqueror, and are also available in electronic versions. If you are looking for engaging tales of adventure, this series may be for you.
And now, I’m interesting in hearing the thoughts of anyone who has read this series, or has other suggestions for good military adventure stories. As always, I look forward to reading your feedback.
Alan Brown has been a science fiction fan for over five decades, especially fiction that deals with science, military matters, exploration and adventure.
I always bristle at the facile justification for raping and looting scenes (or in reality).
As an ex-Army Officer I can say 1) we got a LOT of training about the Laws of War (Hague Conventions and additional regulations regarding good order and discipline) especially those of us who did OCS…the accession method of one William Calley.
And 2) yes, it is difficult to corral youngsters hopped up on fear and and adrenaline post-battle. So what? That it is difficult is NO REASON not to do it. It is an officer’s JOB to control them, and to fail to do that is to fail at your most important job: maintain a military unit and keep it from descending into a mob.
“Like many military adventures of the last century, this story is very male-oriented—what youngsters today refer to as a “sausage fest.”
Huh. Color me surprised that Stirling didn’t slip some lesbian dominatrix types in there.
I remember reading this book 30 years ago, with that exact same cover. The series is still on my book shelf, so I will have to go back an re-read it. I also fondly remember the idea of being able to ride my dog into battle which I thought was an awesome twist. I think this series was my first introduction to both S.M. Stirling and David Drake. Good synopsis.
If time travel does exist, Belisarius is going to show up and demand royalties some day.
I love this series. I don’t mind the male bias because historically militaries have been predominantly male and there are good physical reasons for that, especially with early industrial tech levels. I don’t love the rape, looting and brutality but I’ve spent enough time in the past, imaginatively that is, to know how very common it was. Not inevitable, no, but very very probable at the sociological level of the Civil Government. Suzette may be short of scruples but she’s pretty much the only reason Raj survives in the snake-pit of New Residence and he knows it. I quite like her, and Fatima,who becomes Gerrin and Barton’s concubine in a bisexual three way.
@1. Rdclark53217: I’m afraid that @5. princessrcoxana is quite right about THE GENERAL’s much less admirable attitude towards War Crimes, as committed against enemy populations; as General Whitehall and his world happen to be a pretty faithful reflection of a period before the Hague Convention (in fact a period of the sort that, like the Napoleonic Wars and comparable unpleasantness, made the Hague Convention not only necessary but desirable), it’s probable the local officer classes would shrug (if not outright wink) at the private soldiers ‘letting off steam’ after a victorious action.
Whether that period is the Byzantine Wars of Belisarius’ era or the Russo-Turkish clashes of a much later age is, of course, a matter of personal opinion.
Oh, and @Alan Brown, given the Civil Government is consciously modelled on the Byzantine Empire of the 6th Century Anno Domini, I’m fairly certain they’re obligated to inflict some unspeakable penalty for Heresy on anyone comparing them to some perfidious Latins, rather than God’s Own Greek Orthodox Church. (-;
p.s. For those not acquainted in this period, the ‘Perfidious Latins’ alluded to above are what we would call the Roman Catholic clergy of the era; while in the Age of Belisarius the Great Schism that defined the Catholic Vs Orthodox split was five centuries distant, the Greek East/Latin West division was, I believe, already a living & breathing complication to an efforts to reunite the Roman Empire under Constantinople.
The setting has conflict between the clergy of Old Residence (Rome) and East Residence (Constantinople):andf even the Arian heresy in The Spirit of Man of This Earth! The Colony is the Sassanids; The Brigaderos are the Ostrogoths and the Squadron’s the Vandals.
@1 I agree completely.
@@.-@ I think the first mention of Belisarius in modern science fiction was in Sprague DeCamp’s Lest Darkness Fall, and since then, science fiction writers have become fascinated with the character. I wonder what Belisarius would think of all the yarns spun from his life story.
Someday, I need to read historical accounts on the real Belisarius, and see what all the fuss is about!
@9 – If you want a straightforward novelization of Belisarius’s life, try Robert Graves’s Count Belisarius.
I always thought that it was a great pity that Stirling and Drake didn’t have sappers riding about on stupendous dachshunds. But seriously, a one-tonne dog would look more like a Kodiak bear than any recognizable contemporary breed.
@10
Something like this.
I had great fun reading these when the came out. But the switch in authors, changes in setting, and if I recall right, no numbering system on the books made it quite difficult for me to follow the overall story.
One thing I do want to give Baen props for is the Free Library. They were early promoters of ebooks, even DRM-free ebooks, and I spent many hours with their books on my trusty Sony PRS-505 back in the day.
I’m with Rdclark53217 @1 in that I found the war crimes in these books a bit off putting. Especially since Whitehall was doing everything to save the planet from collapsing into barbarism and then has his men rape and loot a town for three days. As princessroxana @5 and ED @6 state, it’s historically accurate but it still makes me wonder why I’m rooting for Whitehall to win.
This is one of the reasons that I think David Drake’s rehash of this, the Belisarius Series, is the better series. They might be in actual roman times but the Belisarius doesn’t let his men run wild like Whitehall does, and this pays dividends in later books when the husbands of the women he saves from being raped become his allies. It’s not as historically accurate but it means the hero’s deserve the term.
That and ‘Aide’ is a much better character then ‘Center’ is, getting plenty of character development.
@13 I’d not read Drake’s Belesarius series, which he cowrote with Eric Flint, being a bit burnt out on military SF when it came out. And I was also put off by the fact that it sounded like an alternate history rehash of the General Series. But maybe I’ll have to give that one a look.
@11 – yes, thanks, something very like that.
@13. Megaduck: My understanding of the original intent behind Whitehall’s reluctance to knock that **** on the head is that the author wanted to create a morally-ambivalent scenario, to avoid being associated with the classic ‘Boy’s Own’ Adventure and its tendency to be as free of consequences as it was of moral ambiguity.
As for why we’re supposed to support General Whitehall, despite his reluctance to reign in his men? He’s trying to make an environment in which that sort of behaviour is punished, rather than accepted as the cost of doing business, a possibility – as is consistently shown in the novels, General Whitehall simply lacks the political support back home to win the sort of faction fights likely to be triggered when he punishes Civil Government soldiers for attacking enemy populations (on or off the battlefield) and has far too many enemies who would seize on this as an excuse to Break him.
@13 Megaduck Oh yeah, that’s another reason I found things confusing. I read the Belisarius books contemporaneously and thought they must be related because of the similarity in setup. I tended to think of them more as Eric Flint books than David Drake books though since the writing style seemed all Flint. The way Flint tried to end almost every chapter in the series on a joke used to drive me crazy.
I find myself wondering about the logistics of giant-carnivore mounted cavalry, not to mention the animal control issues. I suspect there are good reasons domesticated animals tend to be small, herbivorous, or both.
And I am not terribly convinced by this review that the Civil Government is doing much to spread or maintain civilization, in the usual sense of the term. One might imagine asking Lieutenant Harry Morant if it was impossible for an army to discourage people from getting carried away after victory.
Very much the 6th century? Vaguely germanic-feeling Goth and Vandal tribes to the north and east, ruling over the remnants of the Western empire. All the way to the relevance of the Alpine passes. And a clone of the Persian Empire in the east and south.
And as I recall there were no mixed breeds, the dogs having been gene-fixed to produce purebreeds before they were bred into riding animals.
As to the brutality of the soldiers, one could either see that as in-period behaviour without sugarcoating, or as a failure of their commanding officer. But being the first and only officer to change such a culture would be hard. The job for a hero who understands what kind of society he wants to build, maybe …
@18, ad,, As Center explains it the constant state of war with the associated looting and burning is reducing the amount of terra-formed land on Bellevue. Ravaged lands are abandoned, the native life which includes large saurian predators moves in, farmlands are lost. As inhabitable land shrinks so does the agrarian base. According to Center if current trends continue human life on Bellevue may become extinct.
Center wants to unite Bellevue under a single government to end the destruction of arable land. Only after the agrarian base and the survival Human life on Bellevue is secured will it move on to political and social reform. That’s what it’s grooming Thom for.
Did anyone else notice that the map of Bellevue is a slightly-modified polar projection of the Earth’s Arctic Ocean and accompanying coasts?